Mikhail Aleksandrovitch Bakunin

Mikhail Aleksandrovitch Bakunin (também aportuguesado em Bakunine ou Bakúnine, em russo Михаил Александрович Бакунин), nasceu no dia 30 de maio de 1814 (18 de maio no calendário juliano) na cidade de Premukhimo, província de Tver, na Rússia; faleceu em 1 de julho de 1876 (19 de junho no calendário juliano) em Berna, na Suíça.

Bakunin era filho de uma rica familia de proprietários de terras e desde 1837 começou a estudar a filosofia hegeliana. Em 1840 inicia o curso de filosofia na Universidade de Berlim, onde logo começou sua atividade política, criticando a filosofia especulativa preferindo a teoria da ação política. De 1843 a 1848 viajou pela Europa, onde acabou conhecendo Karl Marx e Proudhon (em Paris). Participou do Congresso Eslavo no que tinha em mente o pan-eslavismo (Praga, 1848) e no mesmo ano participou da Revolução Proletária em Paris.

Em 1849 foi preso e condenado à morte por uma insurreição em Dresden, mas a pena foi anulada e foi entregue ao governo russo, ficando preso em São Petersburgo e depois exilado no Sibéria (1857). Acabou fugindo para o Japão e depois se fixou na Suíça.

Por volta de 1863 tentou montar uma campanha em prol do anarquismo para irem à Polônia, mas não obteve nada.

Em 1868 fundou a Aliança Internacional da Democracia Social, que queria fazer a união com a Associação Internacional de Trabalhadores, no qual disputou a liderança dessa última com Karl Marx, mas em 1872 acabaram se desentendendo no Congresso de Haia.

A expulsão de Bakunin da Associação Internacional de Trabalhadores, se deu por divergências políticas com Marx.

Bakunin defendia que as energias revolucionárias deveriam ser concentradas na destruição das "coisas", no caso, o Estado, e não das "pessoas".

Na obra de 1872, Bakunin faz oposição a Comte, pois identifica a fonte de todo problema na centralização da autoridade e do Estado, pois acabam por criar um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento das pessoas e das Nações. A paz e a realidade devem estar diante das coisas para realização do homem, pois querem uma descentralização das coisas que levaria o desenvolvimento dos homens. Template:Portal-anarquia Com a participação de Bakunin, a partir de 1870, acabou influenciando o proletário e atraindo mais pessoas, e nesse mesmo período começou a criticar o comunismo de Estado, com propostas antiautoritárias de socialismo. Com o fracasso da Comuna de Paris, as duas tendências começaram uma briga que a cada ano se agravava, de um lado os comunistas de Estado ou socialistas autoritários, como eram chamados pelos socialistas libertários, na época, até que, em 1876, a Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores encerrou suas atividades.

Depois desse rompimento Bakunin planejava a construção de uma associação para unir os anarquistas de todos os países. Acabou criando grupos anarquistas em vários países do mundo, repassando a tradição anti-autoritária, mutualista e o caráter descentralizador do anarquismo para outros anarquistas, que viriam a se tornar célebres dentro do movimento, Piotr Kropotkin, anarquista russo, Errico Malatesta, anarquista italiano, Elisée Reclus etc.

Após sua morte, diversos acontecimentos políticos com influência anarquistas puderam ser notados, como a insurreição anarquista de 1918 no Rio de Janeiro, cujo movimento sindical era de sua totalidade composto pela maioria de anarquistas e culminando com a guerra civil espanhola e a Revolução Espanhola em 1936, que seria a derradeira e última revolução de massas da ideologia anarquista.

Todavia, a obra e vida de Bakunin influenciara diversos movimentos alternativos após os anos 60, como os grupos ambientalistas, que utilizam a tática de ação direta, descrita em toda sua obra. Movimentos cooperativistas, de ocupação e reforma urbana, grupos e locais de trabalho autogestionados, também carregam em si, o germe da ideologia anarquista e o pensamento célebre de Bakunin.

Obras

• Die Reaktion in Deutschland (A Reação na Alemanha) – 1842;
• O Império Knuto-Germânico e a Revolução Social - 1871;
• A Comuna de Paris e a Noção de Estado - 1871;
• Federalismo, Socialismo e Antiteologia – 1872;
• Staat und Anarchie (Estado e Anarquia) – 1873;
• Deus e o Estado – 1882;
• Textos Anarquistas - 1874;

Principal citação

"Assim, sob qualquer ângulo que se esteja situado para considerar esta questão, chega-se ao mesmo resultado execrável: o governo da imensa maioria das massas populares se faz por uma minoria privilegiada. Esta minoria, porém, dizem os marxistas, compor-se-á de operários. Sim, com certeza, de antigos operários, mas que, tão logo se tornem governantes ou representantes do povo, cessarão de ser operários e por-se-ão a observar o mundo proletário de cima do Estado; não mais representarão o povo, mas a si mesmos e suas pretensões de governá-lo. Quem duvida disso não conhece a natureza humana."

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Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovitch