anarquismo individualista

O Anarquismo individualista foi a corrente anarquista fundada por Max Stirner. Em sua obra O único e sua propriedade (1844), este autor procura demonstrar como, através da história, a humanidade foi levada a se sacrificar por ideais abstratos (fantasmas). Estes ideais, ao invés de trazerem felicidade, apenas serviram de fachada para que uma minoria de indivíduos egoístas se beneficiassem do trabalho da maioria da população. Contra isto, Max Stirner propôs que todos os indivíduos se tornassem egoístas também, se associando voluntariamente conforme necessário, mas zelando pelos seus próprios interesses pessoais. Segundo ele, só assim a exploração de poucos por muitos poderia ser abolida.

Benjamin Tucker e Lysander Spooner também insistem na liberdade individual e ausência de coerção do estado. Como os socialistas libertários, eles detestam governos sustentados pelo capitalismo e rejeitam vários princípios essenciais do capitalismo em geral. Como os anarco-capitalistas, eles pôem mais ênfase nos direitos individuais e na liberdade do que no coletivismo.

Dentro do desenvolvimento histórico do movimento anarquista, esse se confunde com a própria gênese do socialismo. Dessa forma o mutualismo surge na França, através dodesenvolvimento das teorias de Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Proudhon foi um importante revolucionário francês, de origem proletária, que participou da Comuna de 1833, buscando derrubar a monarquia e instaurar a República. Com a derrota dessa é preso e condenado - só sendo libertado pelo levante popular, na Comuna de 1848, como um heroi popular. Já nessa época tinha consolidado sua teoria e ganhado inúmeros adéptos dentro do movimento social francês, em especial das Associações de Trabalhadores e sindicatos.

Nos anos de prisão Proudhon aproveitou para estudar a questão social e para escrever suas conclusões. Dessa forma lança , em 1842, o livro "O QUE É A PROPRIEDADE?" onde conclui que a propriedade é um roubo! Com esse livro se torna o revolucionário mais conhecido e respeitado de seu tempo, a ponto de Marx ter lhe proposto montar um 'bureau de correspondência socialista' - proposta rejeitada por Proudhon que lhe reconheceu rasgos autoritários e se negou a formalizar um nova igreja ou um novo partido. A partir daí passou a ser difamado por Marx.

As bases do mutualismo de Proudhon estão sedimentadas em sua postura anarquista: a base de sua metodologia é o indivíduo que se associa livremente a uma sociedade de homens livres - a garantia da autonomia baseada na prática federalista - e não centralista - da organização. Essa organização, para manter o respeito às normas federativas, tem que ser autônoma frente as instituições do Estado, do Capital e da Igreja. O sustentáculo da organização é a solidariedade, definida pela prática do Apoio-Mútuo, de onde decorria o nome mutualismo. O objetivo de tal organização seria promover a emancipação do trabalhador pelo seus próprios meios, dentro do axioma que se tornou a base da própria AIT: "A emancipação dos trabalhadores será obra dos próprios trabalhadores". Para tanto, além da independência política, que seria esencial - e para respaldá-la - a organização deveria promover também a independência econômica dos trabalhadores, através de um sistema, em rede com os sindicatos, de Associações de Apoio-Mútuo, que foram a base do sistema previdenciário em quase todo o mundo, depois que os Estados nacionais se apossaram delas - baseado em cooperativas e num Banco do Povo. A base dessa organização é a crença na capacidade política da classe operária.

Foram os mutualistas franceses que levantaram originalemtne a proposta de criação de uma grande Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores (AIT) desde o início dos anos 1860 - a fundação se daria em 1864/65.

O mutualismo, como uma proposta histórica dentro do movimento anarkista internacional, ao aparentar afirmar a existência de 'correntes', ou 'tendências' no seio do anarquismo, na verdade comprova como a Anarkhia é única, e único é o movimento que a sustenta. As discussões entre individualistas, mutualistas e coletivistas nunca forma uma disputa de posições. Foi uma discussão constitutiva que determinou os limites do que é o anarkismo, são suas idéias-forças. As teses mutualistas mostrarm a sua força e a sua fraqueza dentro d seu próprio desenvolvimento: inicalmente débeis, as organizações mutualistas passaram desapercebida das autoridade e tiveram espaço e tempo para se desenvolver, mas num período de 10 anos já eram referência econômica na França e o governo reacionário de Luis Bonaparte passa a persegui-las e enquadrá-las, estabelecendo uma legislação impediditiva de uma organização federalista e fortalecendo sua burocracia e controles. O Banco do Povo, já como o 3º maior banco em depósitos, foi simplesmente estatizado. A partir daí o anarkismo desenvolve o coletivismo, que vê a Revolução como um imperativo - mostrando serem falsas as teses reformistas dos pequenos avanços.

Na Comuna de 1871 os mutualistas e os coletivistas, ligados, respectivamente, a Federação de Sindicatos e a AIT, foram as principais forças impulsionadoras do processo e da reconstrução revolucionária da sociedade na forma, já definida, de socialismo libertário.

Bibliografia

• Rodrigues, Edgar, Socialismo: Síntese das Origens e Doutrinas, Achiame Editores, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2006. (Edição Revisada)
• Rodrigues, Edgar, ABC do Anarquismo, 1976.
• Rodrigues, Edgar, Socialismo: Uma Visão Alfabética, 1980.
• P-J Proudhon, O que é a Propriedade?, Editora Reconstruir, Buenos Ayres, Argentina, 1853.
• P-J Proudhon, Sistema das Contradições Econômicas (ou Filosofia da Miséria), Ed. Brasiliense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil,
• Malatesta, Erico, Mikhail Bakunin, Pensiero e Volontá, Itália, 1926.
• Nettlau, Max, Bibliographie de l' Anarchie, 1897.
• Beer, Max, História do Socialismo, Ed. Brasiliense, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1968.

Ligações externas

• Die Individual-Anarchisten und Max Stirner (alemão)
• Anarquismo (português)

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