Still working to recover. Please don't edit quite yet.

Difference between revisions of "Mikhail Aleksandrovitch Bakunin"

From Anarchopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
m (Bot: Adicionando: de, el, eo, es, fr, he, id, it, ja, ko, nl, pl, ro, ru, sv, tr, zh Modificando: en)
m (Bot: Adicionando: lt:Michailas Bakuninas)
Line 51: Line 51:
 
[[ja:ミハイル・バクーニン]]
 
[[ja:ミハイル・バクーニン]]
 
[[ko:미하일 바쿠닌]]
 
[[ko:미하일 바쿠닌]]
 +
[[lt:Michailas Bakuninas]]
 
[[nl:Michail Bakoenin]]
 
[[nl:Michail Bakoenin]]
 
[[pl:Michał Bakunin]]
 
[[pl:Michał Bakunin]]

Revision as of 13:37, 7 November 2008

Mikhail Aleksandrovitch Bakunin (também aportuguesado em Bakunine ou Bakúnine, em russo Михаил Александрович Бакунин), nasceu no dia 30 de maio de 1814 (18 de maio no calendário juliano) na cidade de Premukhimo, província de Tver, na Rússia; faleceu em 1 de julho de 1876 (19 de junho no calendário juliano) em Berna, na Suíça.

Bakunin era filho de uma rica familia de proprietários de terras e desde 1837 começou a estudar a filosofia hegeliana. Em 1840 inicia o curso de filosofia na Universidade de Berlim, onde logo começou sua atividade política, criticando a filosofia especulativa preferindo a teoria da ação política. De 1843 a 1848 viajou pela Europa, onde acabou conhecendo Karl Marx e Proudhon (em Paris). Participou do Congresso Eslavo no que tinha em mente o pan-eslavismo (Praga, 1848) e no mesmo ano participou da Revolução Proletária em Paris.

Em 1849 foi preso e condenado à morte por uma insurreição em Dresden, mas a pena foi anulada e foi entregue ao governo russo, ficando preso em São Petersburgo e depois exilado no Sibéria (1857). Acabou fugindo para o Japão e depois se fixou na Suíça.

Por volta de 1863 tentou montar uma campanha em prol do anarquismo para irem à Polônia, mas não obteve nada.

Em 1868 fundou a Aliança Internacional da Democracia Social, que queria fazer a união com a Associação Internacional de Trabalhadores, no qual disputou a liderança dessa última com Karl Marx, mas em 1872 acabaram se desentendendo no Congresso de Haia.

A expulsão de Bakunin da Associação Internacional de Trabalhadores, se deu por divergências políticas com Marx.

Bakunin defendia que as energias revolucionárias deveriam ser concentradas na destruição das "coisas", no caso, o Estado, e não das "pessoas".

Na obra de 1872, Bakunin faz oposição a Comte, pois identifica a fonte de todo problema na centralização da autoridade e do Estado, pois acabam por criar um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento das pessoas e das Nações. A paz e a realidade devem estar diante das coisas para realização do homem, pois querem uma descentralização das coisas que levaria o desenvolvimento dos homens. Template:Portal-anarquia Com a participação de Bakunin, a partir de 1870, acabou influenciando o proletário e atraindo mais pessoas, e nesse mesmo período começou a criticar o comunismo de Estado, com propostas antiautoritárias de socialismo. Com o fracasso da Comuna de Paris, as duas tendências começaram uma briga que a cada ano se agravava, de um lado os comunistas de Estado ou socialistas autoritários, como eram chamados pelos socialistas libertários, na época, até que, em 1876, a Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores encerrou suas atividades.

Depois desse rompimento Bakunin planejava a construção de uma associação para unir os anarquistas de todos os países. Acabou criando grupos anarquistas em vários países do mundo, repassando a tradição anti-autoritária, mutualista e o caráter descentralizador do anarquismo para outros anarquistas, que viriam a se tornar célebres dentro do movimento, Piotr Kropotkin, anarquista russo, Errico Malatesta, anarquista italiano, Elisée Reclus etc.

Após sua morte, diversos acontecimentos políticos com influência anarquistas puderam ser notados, como a insurreição anarquista de 1918 no Rio de Janeiro, cujo movimento sindical era de sua totalidade composto pela maioria de anarquistas e culminando com a guerra civil espanhola e a Revolução Espanhola em 1936, que seria a derradeira e última revolução de massas da ideologia anarquista.

Todavia, a obra e vida de Bakunin influenciara diversos movimentos alternativos após os anos 60, como os grupos ambientalistas, que utilizam a tática de ação direta, descrita em toda sua obra. Movimentos cooperativistas, de ocupação e reforma urbana, grupos e locais de trabalho autogestionados, também carregam em si, o germe da ideologia anarquista e o pensamento célebre de Bakunin.

Obras

  • Die Reaktion in Deutschland (A Reação na Alemanha) – 1842;
  • O Império Knuto-Germânico e a Revolução Social - 1871;
  • A Comuna de Paris e a Noção de Estado - 1871;
  • Federalismo, Socialismo e Antiteologia – 1872;
  • Staat und Anarchie (Estado e Anarquia) – 1873;
  • Deus e o Estado – 1882;
  • Textos Anarquistas - 1874;

Principal citação

"Assim, sob qualquer ângulo que se esteja situado para considerar esta questão, chega-se ao mesmo resultado execrável: o governo da imensa maioria das massas populares se faz por uma minoria privilegiada. Esta minoria, porém, dizem os marxistas, compor-se-á de operários. Sim, com certeza, de antigos operários, mas que, tão logo se tornem governantes ou representantes do povo, cessarão de ser operários e por-se-ão a observar o mundo proletário de cima do Estado; não mais representarão o povo, mas a si mesmos e suas pretensões de governá-lo. Quem duvida disso não conhece a natureza humana."

{Generally|Typically|Normally|Usually}, it is {recommended|suggested|advised} that {patients|clients|people|individuals} {{responding|reacting} to|reacting to|replying to} CLOZARIL {continue|proceed} {maintenance|upkeep} {treatment|therapy} on their {effective|efficient|reliable} {dose|dosage} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {beyond|past} the {acute|severe|intense} episode. Aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, {and|and also|as well as} pancytopenia #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] with {marrow|bottom} hypoplasia {have|have actually} been {{associated|connected|linked} with|connected with|related to|linked with} zidovudine. You {shouldn't|should not} {skip|avoid|miss} {a dose|a dosage|an amount} or take {a double|a dual} {dose|dosage|amount} to #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {increase|enhance|raise|boost|ever increasing|improve} {effectiveness|efficiency} of the {treatment|therapy|procedure}. There {have|have actually} been {isolated|separated} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {reports|records} of {children|kids|youngsters} {who|that|which} {accidentally|unintentionally|inadvertently|mistakenly} {ingested|consumed|took in} Parlodel. {Vomiting|Throwing up}, somnolence {and|and also|as well as} {fever|high temperature} were {reported|stated} as {adverse|unfavorable|negative|damaging} {events|occasions}. {Patients|Clients|People|Individuals} {recovered|recuperated} either spontaneously within {a few|a couple of} {hours|hrs} or after {appropriate|suitable|proper|ideal} {management|administration}. This {list|listing|checklist} is not {complete|full|total} and there #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] are {other|various other} {drugs|medicines} that {{need|require|really need} to|have to|should} be {reported|stated|mentioned} in {case|situation|instance} you are taking them {already|currently} or {intend|mean|plan} to take them in the {nearest|closest|nearby|local} future. Do not {miss|miss out on} {any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {scheduled|arranged|set up|planned|booked} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {visits|check outs|sees|brows through} to your {doctor|physician|medical professional} as your blood {pressure|stress|tension} {will|will certainly} {have to|need to} be {measured|determined|gauged} on the {regular|routine|normal} basis to {make {sure|certain}|ensure|make certain|see to it} propranolol is {working|functioning} right for you. As your {body|physical body} {{adjusts|changes|readjusts} to|adapts to} the {medicine|medication} {during|throughout} {treatment|therapy} these #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} {may|might|could} {go away|disappear|vanish}. CYP 3A4 {inhibitors|preventions} such as itraconazole or ketoconazole {may|might|could} {increase|enhance|boost|raise} plasma #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {hormone|bodily hormone|hormonal agent} {levels|degrees}. The {median|average|mean|typical} percent {changes|modifications|adjustments} from {baseline|standard} for Vytorin vs. simvastatin were: LDL-C -25 % {and|and also|as well as} -5 %; total-C -16 % {and|and also|as well as} -5 %; Apo B -19 % {and|and also|as well as} -5 %; {and|and also|as well as} non-HDL-C #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] -23 % {and|and also|as well as} -5 %. {Results|Outcomes} for HDL-C {and|and also|as well as} TG {between|in between} {the {two|2}|both} {treatment|therapy} {groups|teams} were not {significantly|considerably|substantially|dramatically} {different|various}. Ezetimibe was the {major|significant} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {component|element|part} in feces {and|and also|as well as} {accounted for|made up|represented} 69 % of the {administered|provided|carried out} {dose|dosage}, while ezetimibe-glucuronide was the {major|significant} {component|element|part} in {urine|pee} {and|and also|as well as} {accounted for|made up|represented} 9 % of the {administered|provided|carried out} {dose|dosage}. The following {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} are {possible|feasible} when Viagra is taken: light {sensitivity|sensitiveness|level of sensitivity}, {changes|modifications|adjustments} in {color|shade} {vision|eyesight}, nosebleeds, {diarrhea|looseness of the bowels}, flushing, {insomnia|sleep problems|sleeplessness|sleeping disorder|sleeping disorders|sleep loss}, {muscle|muscular tissue} {aches|pains}, {headache|frustration|problem|hassle}, #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {heartburn|pyrosis ( heartburn )|heartburn ( pyrosis )}, Template:numbness. Propecia {{needs|requires|really needs} to|has to|should} be taken {constantly|continuously|regularly|frequently} in order to {support|sustain|assist} your {progress|development|progression|improvement}. {If you {decide|choose|determine} to {stop|quit} the {treatment|therapy|procedure} you {will|will certainly} {lose|shed} all the #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] hair you {managed|handled|took care of} to re-grow within one year {period|duration}. |, if you {decide|choose|determine} to {stop|quit} the {treatment|therapy|procedure} you {will|will certainly} {lose|shed} all the hair you {managed|handled|took care of} to re-grow within one year {period|duration}. {Report|Record} to your {{health|wellness|health and wellness} {care|treatment}|healthcare|medical} {provider|service provider|company|supplier|carrier} {any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {medical|clinical|health care} {conditions|problems|disorders} you have, {as well as|in addition to|along with|and also} the {drugs|medicines} you #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] are taking. {If you {{need|require|really need} to|have to|should} {receive|get|obtain|see} {treatment|therapy|procedure} for {other|various other|people} {conditions|problems|disorders} {make {sure|certain}|ensure|make certain|see to it} you {discuss|talk about|go over|review} with your {doctor|physician|medical professional} whether you {can|could} {combine|incorporate|integrate} the {medicine|medication} you {need|require|really need} with Cymbalta. |, if you {need|require|really need} to {receive|get|obtain|see} {treatment|therapy|procedure} for {other|various other|people} {conditions|problems|disorders} make {sure|certain} you {discuss|talk about|go over|review} with your {doctor|physician|medical professional} whether you {can|could} {combine|incorporate|integrate} the {medicine|medication} you {need|require|really need} with Cymbalta..} {Tell|Inform} your {health|wellness|health and wellness} acre {provider|service provider|company|supplier|carrier} {about|regarding|concerning} {any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} heart {problems|issues|troubles}, {bipolar {disorder|condition|ailment}|bipolar illness|bipolar affective disorder}, Template:high blood {pressure|stress|tension}, {any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {allergies|allergic reactions}, suicidal {attempts|efforts|tries} or {thoughts|ideas}, and eye {conditions|problems|disorders}. {Patients|Clients|People|Individuals} taking concomitant mTOR {inhibitor|prevention} (e. g. temsirolimus) {therapy|treatment} {may|might|could} {be at|go to} {increased|enhanced|boosted|raised} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {risk|danger|threat} for angioedema <>see|view} Drug Interactions (7. It's {important|essential|crucial|vital} that you {{carry|hold} on|continue|proceed} with your {treatment|therapy|procedure} {even|also} if you {feel|really feel} {fine|great|high quality}, as {{high|very high|higher} blood {pressure|stress|tension}|hypertension} {may|might|could} {sometimes|in some cases|often|occasionally|at times} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {display|show|present} no {symptoms|signs} {at all|whatsoever}. {Read|Check out|Review} All Potential Side Effects {and|and also|as well as} See Pictures of Toprol XL" What are the #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {precautions|safety measures|preventative measures} when taking metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL)? A randomized, double-blind, parallel {dose|dosage} {study|research study|research} (Study 3) was {planned|prepared|intended} in 219 {patients|clients|people|individuals} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] with PAH. Viagra {will|will certainly} not {cause|trigger|create|induce} you to have {an instant|an immediate|an instantaneous|an on-the-spot} {erection|construction} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] unlike {commonly|typically|frequently|generally|often} {thought|believed}. {Tell|Inform} your {doctor|physician|medical professional} {immediately|instantly|right away|promptly|quickly} if you {notice|discover|observe|see} {any of|any one of} the {following|complying with|adhering to|belowing} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {symptoms|signs|signs and symptoms}, {particularly|especially|specifically} if they {occur|happen|take place} within {several|a number of|numerous|many} weeks of {stopping|quiting} {treatment|therapy} with Rulide D. As {most|many|a lot of|the majority of} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {drugs|medicines}, Sildenafil {has|has actually} been {reported|stated|mentioned} to {interact|communicate|connect} with {some {other|various other}|other|a few other} {medicines|medications}. Cialis (tadalafil) {can|could} be {prescribed|recommended|suggested} for the {treatment|therapy|procedure} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] of male impotence, {also|likewise|additionally} {referred to|described} as {erectile {dysfunction|disorder}|impotence}. The {volume|quantity} of {distribution|circulation} {and|and also|as well as} clearance of #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] ketorolac in pediatric {patients|clients|people|individuals} was {{higher|greater} {than|compared to}|more than|above} those {observed|noted} in {adult|grown-up} {subjects|topics} ({see|view} Table 1). You #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {will|will certainly} {{need|require|really need} to|have to|should} {avoid|prevent|stay clear of|stay away from} {combining|incorporating|integrating} it with {{any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {other|various other}|other} {medications|medicines} you are taking {at the {moment|minute}|currently|presently|right now} - such as rifampin, {aspirin|pain killers}, {oral|dental} {insulin|the hormone insulin|blood insulin} or {diabetes|diabetic issues} {medications|medicines}, diuretic, cyclosporine, blood {thinners|slimmers}, seizure {medications|medicines}, or ketoconazole. This is not {a complete|a total|a full|a comprehensive|a finished} {list|selection|listing|checklist} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] of {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} and others {may|might|could} {occur|happen|take place}. This {book|publication} is {full|complete} with {detailed|comprehensive|in-depth|thorough} {information|info|details} which has #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {actually|really|in fact} {offered|provided|supplied} {an eczema|a dermatitis|a chronic eczema} {cure|remedy|treatment} for {thousands of|countless|hundreds of} {people|individuals|folks}. It is a Cannabinoid-1 Receptor Blocker (CB1) that {works|functions} by {selectively|precisely} {blocking|obstructing|shutting out} {certain|specific|particular} {brain|mind} receptors {{responsible|accountable|liable} for|in charge of|tasked with} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {glucose|sugar} and {fat|fatty tissue|fat deposits|fats} {metabolism|metabolic process|metabolic rate}. {This {medicine|medication} {will|will certainly} {be {inefficient|ineffective|inept}|mishandle} if {used|utilized|made use of} alone.|If {used|utilized|made use of} alone, this {medicine|medication} {will|will certainly} be {inefficient|ineffective|inept}.} {Talk to|Speak with|Speak to|Talk with|Get in touch with} your {doctor|physician|medical professional} {about|regarding|concerning} your {diet|diet plan|diet regimen} that {{needs|requires|really needs} to|has to|should} {include|consist of|feature} {{plenty|lots} of|lots of|a lot of|sufficient} {Template:vitamins. The no-effect #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {dose|dosage} for rat {pup|puppy|dog} {mortality|death} was not {determined|identified|figured out|established}. Taking {more|even more|additional} of Cialis is not #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {going to|visiting} make your {treatment|therapy|procedure} {{any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {more|even more|additional}|anymore} {effective|efficient}. {Make sure|Ensure|Make certain|See to it} you {never|never ever} take {more|even more|additional} of this {medication|medicine} {than|compared to} {prescribed|recommended|suggested}, as this {may|might|could} {cause|trigger|create|induce} an overdose and {{lead|number one} to|result in|cause|bring about} the {following|complying with|adhering to} {symptoms|signs} that {will|will certainly} {{need|require|really need} to|have to|should} be {reported|stated|mentioned} to your {local|regional|neighborhood|community} {emergency|emergency situation} {center|facility|program}: {indigestion|acid indigestion}, {headache|frustration|problem|hassle}, Template:stuffy nose, flushing, {heartburn|pyrosis ( heartburn )|heartburn ( pyrosis )}, {pain|discomfort} in the {back|spine}, and priapism. It's {a way|a method|a means} for you and {thousands of|countless|hundreds of} {other|various other} {customers|clients|consumers} {to {get|obtain}|to obtain} {generic|universal|common} {meds|medications} like Cialis within {a few|a couple of} {minutes|mins|times}, without #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {having to|needing to} {{worry|fret|stress} {about|regarding|concerning}|stress over|fret about|bother with} their {quality|high quality|top quality} {for {a second|a 2nd}|momentarily}. This {drug|medicine} {can|could} {help|assist|aid} you keep the {symptoms|signs} {under {control|command}|controlled} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {but|however|yet} {may|might|could} {not sure|unsure|uncertain} the {condition|problem|disorder} you have, {therefore|for that reason|as a result|consequently}, it's {important|essential|crucial|vital} that you {discuss|talk about|go over|review} with your {{health|wellness|health and wellness} {care|treatment}|healthcare|medical} {provider|service provider|company|supplier|carrier} all the {aspects|facets|elements} of your {treatment|therapy|procedure} {in {advance|advancement|development|breakthrough|innovation}|ahead of time|beforehand}. You {may|might|could} be {started|begun} on {a lower|a lesser|a reduced} {dose|dosage|amount} of #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] this {medicine|medication} and it {can|could} be {increased|enhanced|raised|boosted|evered increasing|improved} {later on|in the future|later}, {but|however|yet} not {more|much more|a lot more} {often|frequently|typically|commonly|usually} {than|compared to} {once|when|as soon as} {every week|weekly|each week} {or {two|2}|or more}. Take the {entire|whole} {amount|quantity} of this {drug|medicine} {prescribed|recommended|suggested} by #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] your {doctor|physician|medical professional} {{even|also} though|although|despite the fact that} the {symptoms|signs} {may|might|could} {improve|enhance|boost} after {just|simply} {{a couple|a married couple} of|a few|a number of} days. Do #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] not {administer|provide|carry out} intravenously or subcutaneously. {Inject|Infuse} {slowly|gradually}, deep {into|right into} the {muscle|muscular tissue} mass. There was no {effect|result|impact} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] on {serum|lotion} uric acid {during|throughout} {chronic|persistent} {oral|dental} {administration|management} {and|and also|as well as} no uricosuric {effect|result|impact}. You {will|will certainly} {{need|require|really need} to|have to|should} keep your {{health|wellness|health and wellness|safety} {care|treatment}|healthcare|medical} {provider|service provider|company|supplier|carrier} {updated|upgraded} on you {progress|advance|proceed} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] and whether you {get|getting|obtain} {any|any type of|any kind of|any sort of} {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} besides {stuffy|stale} nose, {warmth|heat} or {redness|soreness|inflammation} in your face or {chest|breast|upper body}, {headache|frustration|problem|hassle}, memory {problems|issues|troubles}, {upset {stomach|tummy|belly}|indigestion}, and {back {pain|discomfort}|pain in the back}, which are {considered|thought about|taken into consideration} to be {normal|typical|regular} and {{tend|have a tendency|often tend|usually tend} to|have the tendency to|often} be {short-lived|brief|short-term|transient}. John's wort, {antibiotics|prescription antibiotics|anti-biotics}, antidepressants, {depression|misery} {medications|medicines}, antifungals, antidiabetes {medications|medicines}, {medicines|medications} for {weight {loss|reduction}|weight management|weight-loss|fat burning|fat loss}, rifampicin, {drugs|medicines} for {normal|typical|regular} blood {lipid|crowd} {levels|degrees}, epilepsy {drugs|medicines}, and HIV #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {medications|medicines}.

Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovitch