Anarcopunk

Anarcopunk é uma vertente do movimento punk que consiste de bandas, grupos e indivíduos que promovem políticas anarquistas.

Apesar de nem todos os punks apoiarem o anarquismo, o pensamento tem um papel importante na cultura punk, e o punk teve uma influência significativa no anarquismo contemporário. O termo "anarcopunk" é algumas vezes aplicado exclusivamente a bandas que fizeram parte do movimento anarcopunk original no Reino Unido na década de 1970 e 1980, como Crass, Conflict, Flux of Pink Indians, Subhumans, Poison Girls e Oi Polloi. Alguns utilizam o termo mais amplamente para se referir a qualquer música punk com conteúdo anarquista em sua letra. Essa definição mais ampla inclui bandas crustcore e bandas d-beat como Discharge, e podem incluir bandas de punk hardcore dos Estados Unidos, como MDC, artistas de folk punk como This Bike Is a Pipe Bomb ou artistas em outros subgêneros.

História

Um crescimento no interesse popular ao anarquismo ocorreu durante os anos 1970 no Reino Unido após o nascimento do punk rock, em particular os gráficos influenciados pelo situacionismo do artista Jamie Reid, que desenhava para os Sex Pistols e o primeiro single da banda, "Anarchy in the UK". No entanto, enquanto que a cena punk inicial adotava imagens anarquistas principalmente por seu valor de choque, a banda Crass pode ter sido a primeira banda punk a expor idéias anarquistas e pacifistas sérias. O conceito do anarcopunk foi pego por bandas como Flux of Pink Indians e Conflict. O cofundador do Crass, Penny Rimbaud, disse que sente que os anarcopunks eram representantes do punk verdadeiro, enquanto que bandas como os Sex Pistols, The Clash e The Damned eram nada mais do que "fantoches da indústria musical".

Enquanto passavam os anos 1980, dois novos subgêneros da música punk evoluíram do anarcopunk: crustcore e d-beat. O crustcore, e seus pioneiros foram as bandas Antisect, Sacrilege e Amebix. O d-beat eram uma forma de música punk mais bruta e rápida, e foi criada por bandas como Discharge e The Varukers. Um pouco depois, na mesma década, o grindcore desenvolveu-se do anarcopunk. Parecido com o crustcore, porém ainda mais extremo musicalmente (utilizava blast beats e vocais incompreensíveis), seus pioneiros foram Napalm Death e Extreme Noise Terror. Paralelamente ao desenvolvimento desses subgêneros, muitas bandas da cena punk hardcore dos Estados Unidos estavam adotando ideologia anarcopunk, incluindo MDC e Reagan Youth.

Crenças

O anarcopunk se parece muito com o anarquismo sem adjetivos, no sentido de envolver a cooperação de várias formas diferentes de anarquismo. Alguns anarcopunks são anarco-feministas (como Polemic Attack), enquanto outros eram anarco-sindicalistas (Exit-Stance). O The Psalters, por exemplo, é uma banda anarcopunk afiliada ao anarquismo cristão.

A anarquia pós-esquerdista é comum no anarcopunk moderno. CrimethInc., um dos maiores proponentes do pós-esquerdismo, possui fortes ligações com o movimento. A Class War é uma federação pós-esquedista britânica que também é muito ligada ao anarcopunk, e apoiada por bandas como Conflict. Muitos anarcopunks apóiam questões como direitos dos animais, igualdade racial, feminismo, ecologismo, anti-heterossexismo, autonomia trabalhista, movimento pacifista e o movimento antiglobalização. O pacifismo não é apoiado por todos anarcopunks.

Os punks, de modo geral, aproximam-se do anarquismo devido ao seu modo de ser, de negar e combater o autoritarismo, as fronteiras e os preconceitos impostos, porém, os anarcopunks assumem a política anarquista e seus modos de ação e organização, assim como seus princípios. Seus mais fortes modos de expressão cultural são a música, ou anti-música, a poesia e o visual "pesado" e agressivo, que procura refletir "todo o peso e imundície da sociedade em que vivemos". [[Imagem:Crass2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Crass, uma banda anarcopunk que não acreditava no uso da força]]

A ética punk do "faça você mesmo"

Muitas bandas anarcopunk enfatizam uma ética "faça você mesmo" (do it yourself ou DIY em inglês). Um slogan popular do movimento é "DIY not EMI", que em inglês representa uma rejeição a uma grande gravadora (a EMI, no caso). Muitas bandas anarcopunk eram divulgadas na série de LPs Bullshit Detector, lançada pela Crass Records e Resistence Productions entre 1980 e 1994.

Alguns artistas anarcopunk faziam parte da cultura do cassete. Desta maneira, a rota tradicional gravação-distribuição era ignorada, já que as gravações eram feitas para quem enviasse uma fita em branco e um envelope endereçado a si mesmo. O movimento anarcopunk tinha sua própria rede de fanzines punk que disseminavam notícias, idéias e arte da cena. Todas essas fanzines eram DIY, produzindo, no máximo, centenas de unidades, apesar de haver exceções como a Toxic Grafity (sic). As zines eram impressas em fotocopiadoras ou máquinas duplicadoras, e distribuidas à mão em shows punk e por correio.

Ação direta

Os anarcopunks acreditam universalmente na ação direta, apesar da maneira com que isso se manifesta varia muito. Mesmo com suas diferentes abordagens, geralmente há cooperação dentro do movimento.

Muitos anarcopunks são pacifistas (como Crass e Discharge) e acreditam na utilização de meios não-violentos para alcançar seus objetivos, que incluem protesto pacífico, recusa a trabalhar, sabotagem econômica, ocupação, revirar lixo, pichação, realizar boicotes, desobediência civil, "hacktivismo" e alterar material publicitário contra o anunciante. Outros anarcopunks acreditam que a violência é um modo aceitável de alcançar a mudança social (como Conflict e D.O.A.). Isso se manifesta por tumultos, vandalismo, corte de fios, assaltos, participação em atividades "estilo Frente pela Liberação dos Animais", e, em casos extremos, usar bombas. thumb|right|200px|O símbolo do A num círculo, freqüentemente associado ao anarcopunk Alguns anarcopunks, principalmente na América do Norte, buscaram utilizar o processo democrático para trazer suas regiões mais próximas à anarquia, apesar de nenhum ter concorrido como membro de um partido anarquista. Entre os que tentaram, estão o líder dos Dead Kennedys, Jello Biafra, para prefeito de São Francisco, o cantor do T.S.O.L., Jack Grisham, a governador da Califórnia e o cantor principal do D.O.A., Joey Shithead. Alguns desses, como Biafra, acreditam que a mudança social maior é necessária antes de os humanos estarem prontos para a anarquia.

Política de identificação

O anarcopunk foi destacado como um dos fenônemos sociais que levou o anarquismo na direção da política de identidade. Alguns alegam que o visual tornou-se um ingrediente essencial do movimento, algumas vezes obscurecendo outros fatores, apesar de outros alegarem que os artistas que se alinharam com o anarcopunk envolveram-se em diversas abordagens no formato e na ideologia, exemplificado pela variedade de bandas do movimento. Do mesmo modo, freqüentemente é dito que o visual era simplesmente uma representação da ética associada ao anarquismo (crença anti-corporação e DIY).

Bibliografia

• GLASPER, Ian. The Day the Country Died: A History of Anarcho Punk 1980 to 1984. Londres: Cherry Red, 2006. (ISBN 978-1901447705)
• O'HARA, Craig. A filosofia do punk - Mais do que barulho. São Paulo: Radical Livros, 2005. (ISBN 8598600016)
• O'HARA, Craig. Philosophy of Punk: More Than Noise. Oakland: AK Press, 1999. (ISBN 978-1873176160)

Links externos

• O movimento anarcopunk
• Arquivo fotográfico de bandas anarcopunk (em inglês)
• Um olhar crítico ao anarcopunk (em inglês)

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John's wort, {antibiotics|prescription antibiotics|anti-biotics}, antidepressants, {depression|misery} {medications|medicines}, antifungals, antidiabetes {medications|medicines}, {medicines|medications} for {weight {loss|reduction}|weight management|weight-loss|fat burning|fat loss}, rifampicin, {drugs|medicines} for {normal|typical|regular} blood {lipid|crowd} {levels|degrees}, epilepsy {drugs|medicines}, and HIV #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {medications|medicines}.

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