Mary Wollstonecraft

[[Imagem:Marywollstonecraft.jpg|right|thumb|Mary Wollstonecraft por John Opie (c. 1797)]] Mary Wollstonecraft (Londres, 27 de Abril de 1759 - Londres - 10 de Setembro de 1797) foi uma escritora britânica. É considerada como pioneira do moderno feminismo com a publicação da obra "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (em português, Uma Defesa dos Direitos da Mulher), em 1790.

Biografia

Nascia em Spitalfields, próximo a Londres, o seu pai, um fabricante de lenços, era um homem irritadiço e perturbado, que tanto batia na esposa, nos filhos ou no cão da família. Ele era filho de um homem que enriquecera no ramo da manufactura naquela cidade, numa época em que a mesma se mostrava próspera. A mãe de Mary era Irlandesa e educou-a de forma rigorosa.

Durante a infância de Mary, a família mudou-se em muitas ocasiões, tendo vivido épocas em Epping, Ladram, Beverley, Hoxton, Walworth e Laugharne no País de Gales.

Em 1778, com apenas dezanove anos, Mary Wollstonecraft abandonou o lar paterno para viver com um rico negociante, viúvo, em Bath. Depois de dois anos, voltou para casa, para cuidar da sua mãe doente que veio a falecer depois de um longo sofrimento que a tornou completamente dependente dos cuidados de Mary. As últimas palavras da sua mãe seriam muitas vezes recordadas e citadas pela escritora quando, mais tarde, atravessou períodos difíceis na sua vida: "Um pouco de paciência, e tudo estará acabado".

Em 1784 abriu uma escola em Newington Green, uma pequena aldeia perto de Fiacre, com seu irmã Eliza e uma amiga. Assim que chegaram, Mary fez amizade com Richard Price, um ministro anglicano de idéias avançadas, na capela local. Price e seu amigo, Joseph Priestly, eram os líderes de um grupo conhecido como Dissidentes Racionais, que rejeitava os dogmas cristãos - como o pecado original, o juízo final e a condenação às penas eternas. Price, inclusive, havia exposto em Review of the Principal Questions of Morals (1758) que tanto a razão quanto a consciência individual deviam ser usadas para fazer escolhas morais. Como resultado destas idéias, e de sermões em apoio à Revolução Americana na década de 1770, Price fora acusado de ateísmo e era visto com hostilidade pelos demais anglicanos.

Em decorrência de sua convivência com Price, Mary veio a conhecer o editor Joseph Johnson, que se entusiasmou com as idéias de Mary sobre educação, tendo-lhe encomendado que escrevesse um livro a respeito delas. Veio a público, deste modo, a obra Reflexões sobre Educação de Filhas (1786), na qual Mary analisou as restrições educacionais impostas às jovens, assim mantidas em um estado de "ignorância e dependência". Moustrou-se especialmente crítica da sociedade que encorajava as jovens a serem "dóceis e atentas à aparência", concluindo com a sugestão de uma ampla reforma do currículo escolar.

No contexto da Revolução Francesa, Price fez, em novembro de 1789, um sermão no qual afirmou que o povo inglês também tinha o direito de destronar um rei, caso este fosse cruel. Este sermão incentivou Mary a escrever textos políticos sobre os mais variados temas, do tráfico de escravos às injustiças de tratamento para com os mais pobres.

Um destes artigos, A Reivindicação dos Direitos do Homem, chamou a atenção de autores como Tom Paine, William Blake, Edmund Burke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau e Voltaire, levando a que as idéias da autora fossem discutidas nos principais círculos intelectuais da França e do Reino Unido. Em seguida, Mary publicou a sua obra mais importante, A Reivindicação dos Direitos da Mulher (1790), em que estão lançadas as bases do feminismo moderno.

thumb|250px|right|Frontispício de A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, de Mary Wollstonecraft. Mary via a educação como um caminho para as mulheres conquistarem um melhor "status" econômico, político e social. Defendia não apenas que elas tinham direito à educação como afirmava que, da igualdade na formação de ambos os sexos, dependia o progresso da sociedade como um todo.

Entre as suas passagens mais polêmicas, Mary afirma que o casamento é uma espécie de "prostituição legal", que as mulheres são "escravos convenientes", e que o único modo de as mulheres continuarem livres é se mantendo longe do altar. As suas idéias sobre o casamento são ilustradas no conto "Maria", no qual a protagonista desse nome é internada em um hospital para doentes mentais, vítima dos maus-tratos do marido cruel.

Mary teve uma filha com o escritor Gilbert Imlay, a quem deu o nome de Fanny. Posteriormente casou-se com o também escritor William Godwin, um dos mais proeminentes ateus da sua época e pioneiro do movimento anarquista, com quem teve, em 1797, a sua segunda filha, a escritora Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, que obteve fama como autora de Frankstein. Desse parto, devido a complicações (a tentativa de retirada da placenta, que ficara presa no útero, acarretou uma forte hemorragia), veio a falecer três meses depois.

No Brasil, Nísia Floresta foi a responsável pela primeira tradução, no país, da obra de Mary Wollstonecraft, ainda no século XIX.

Template:Ver também

• Feminismo

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