Revolução Ucraniana

A Revolução Ucraniana foi a tentativa de implantação do Comunismo libertário pela guerrilha liderada por Nestor Makhno na Ucrânia, durante o período de guerra civil entre 1917 e 1921. Esse período coincidiu com os acontecimentos da Revolução Russa de 1917-1921, e terminou com a derrota do movimento por força do Exército Vermelho sob o comando do Partido Comunista russo e a criação da URSS.

A primeira tentativa de implantação do comunismo libertário deu-se durante a Revolução Russa de 1917-1921, na região onde atualmente localiza-se a Ucrânia. O movimento iniciou-se no vilarejo de Gulai-Polé, sob a influência do anarquista Nestor Makhno, e se alastrou pelas regiões vizinhas de Aleksandrovsk até alcançar Kiev. Makhno foi eleito presidente do soviete de Gulai-Polé em agosto de 1917, e organizou uma pequena milícia para expropriar os latifúndios e dividi-los entre os camponeses mais pobres. Após o tratado de Brest-Litovsk de 1918, que cedeu a Ucrânia ao Império Austro-Húngaro, uma nova milícia Makhnovista se formou e executou com sucesso ações de guerrilha contra o exército invasor. Com o armistício de Novembro de 1918, as tropas estrangeiras retiraram-se. A milícia Makhnovista se voltou contra o líder nacionalista ucraniano Petliura. Em seguida, Petliura foi derrotado pelo Exército Vermelho, e durante o embate entre Vermelhos e Brancos, Gulai-Polé ficou sob o domínio dos Makhnovistas, pois nenhuma outra facção era forte o suficiente para atacá-los.

[[Imagem:Makhno_group.jpg|300px|left|thumb|Nestor Makhno (centro), cercado por outros integrantes do Exército Insurgente]]

Makhno aproveitou a calmaria para convocar congressos de camponeses com a finalidade de reformar a sociedade com vistas a implantar o comunismo libertário. Entretanto, as discussões se voltaram principalmente para a defesa da região contra outros exércitos, já que havia uma guerra civil. O poder real permaneceu com o grupo de Makhno. Atos de anti-semitismo, muito comuns na época, passaram a ser punidos com a pena de morte. Aconteceram esforços para se criar uma economia de trocas livres entre o campo (Gulai-Polé, Aleksandrovsk) e a cidade (Kiev, Moscou, Petrogrado).

A calmaria terminou em 15 de Junho de 1919, quando, após atritos menores entre Makhnovistas e Vermelhos, o IV Congresso Regional de Gulai-Polé convidou os soldados da base do Exército Vermelho a enviar representantes. Isto foi um desafio direto à hierarquia de comando Comunista, já que aquele exército não funcionava, como o Makhnovista, em regime de democracia direta. Em 4 de Julho um decreto do governo comunista proibiu o congresso e tornou o movimento Makhnovista ilegal. As tropas comunistas atacaram Gulai-Polé e dissolveram as comunas criadas na região. Poucos dias depois as forças de Denikin chegaram à região, obrigando a ambas facções a aliarem-se novamente.

Durante os meses de Agosto e Setembro, Denikin avancou a passo firme em direção a Moscou, enquanto Makhnovistas e comunistas eram obrigados a retroceder, chegando até as fronteiras ocidentais da Ucrânia. Então, em Setembro de 1919, Makhno surpreende Denikin lançando um ataque vitorioso à aldeia de Peregonovka, perto da cidade de Uman, cortando as linhas de abastecimento do general branco e semeando pânico e desordem na retaguarda. Este foi o primeiro revés sério sofrido por Denikin em sua campanha, e ao final do ano o Exército Vermelho o forçaria a bater em retirada até as margens do Mar Negro.

O clímax da Revolução Ucraniana aconteceu nos meses que se seguiram à vitória em Peregonovka. Durante os meses de Outubro e Novembro, Makhno se viu em poder das cidades de Ekaterinoslav e Aleksandrovsk, e esta foi sua primeira oportunidade de aplicar a concepção anarquista em ambiente urbano. O primeiro ato de Makhno após entrar nessas cidades (após esvaziar as prisões) foi (...) colocar cartazes anunciando aos cidadãos que a partir de este momento eram livres para organizarem suas vidas conforme preferissem, e que o Exército Insurgente "não lhes ditaria nem ordenaria nada". Se proclamaram a liberdade de imprensa, palavra e reunião, e em Ekaterinoslav surgiram imediatamente meia dezena de periódicos que representavam uma ampla gama de tendências políticas. Mas Makhno, embora fomentasse a liberdade de expressão, não estava disposto a tolerar aquelas organizações políticas que tratavam de impôr sua autoridade sobre o povo. Portanto dissolveu os "comitês revolucionários" dos Bolcheviques em Ekaterinoslav e Aleksandrovsk, aconselhando seus membros a se dedicarem a "algum trabalho honesto". (Paul Avrich)

Entretanto, a classe operária urbana não respondeu ao movimento Makhnovista com o mesmo entusiasmo dos camponeses, e ao final de 1919, as relações com o governo comunista voltaram a azedar. Ao negar-se a abandonar o território ucraniano por ordem de Trotsky, o movimento Makhnovista foi novamente declarado ilegal. O Exército Vermelho então voltou a combatê-los, e durante os oito meses que se seguiram ambos os lados sofreram pesadas baixas. Então, em Outubro de 1920, o barão Wrangel, sucessor de Denikin no Sul, lançou uma importante ofensiva, partindo da Criméia rumo ao Norte. Novamente o Exército Vermelho solicitou a ajuda dos Makhnovistas, e novamente a frágil aliança se refez. Menos de um mês mais tarde, já com a guerra civil ganha, a aliança foi desfeita. Em 25 de Novembro, os líderes do exército de Makhno, reunidos na Criméia por ocasião da vitória sobre Wrangel, foram presos e executados sumariamente. No dia seguinte, por ordem de Trotsky, Gulai-Polé foi atacada e os Makhnovistas presos ou executados. Makhno conseguiu fugir e se exilar na França.

Referências

• Avrich, P. (1974). Los Anarquistas Rusos. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.

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