Difference between revisions of "Syvain Maréchal"

Latest revision as of 21:32, 29 Dezembro 2008

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The {patients|clients|people|individuals} {started|began} taking Styplon {three|3} days {before|prior to|just before} their {respective|particular|corresponding} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {surgery|surgical treatment|surgical procedure} {procedures|treatments}. The {recommended|suggested|advised} {dose|dosage} of Astelin ® Nasal Spray in {children|kids|youngsters} 5 years to 11 years {of age|old} is one spray {per|each} nostril #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {twice|two times} daily. There are {a number of|a variety of|a lot of} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] {health|wellness|health and wellness} {problems|issues|troubles} that {can|could} make your {treatment|therapy|procedure} {less|much less} {efficient|effective|reliable}. If you {are {allergic|sensitive} to|dislike} tretinoin of {other|various other} {medications|medicines} (acitretin, etretinate, isotretinoin, tretinoin) it's #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] not {recommended|suggested|advised} to take this {drug|medicine}. Retin-{A should|An ought to|A must|A needs to} not be {{applied|used} to|put on} {open|open up} {wounds|injuries|cuts}, chapped, wind burned or {irritated|inflamed|aggravated} skin to {avoid|prevent|stay clear of|stay away from} {complications|problems|issues|difficulties}. {Some of|A few of|Several of} the {common|typical|usual} {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} {include|consist of|feature} burning, Template:tingling in the skin, {slight|small|mild} peeling of the skin, {redness|soreness|inflammation}, dryness, warmness and chapping of the skin. {If these {side {effects|results|impacts}|adverse effects|negative effects|negative side effects} Template:persist in {intensity|magnitude|strength} consult your {doctor|physician|medical professional} {right away|immediately|as soon as possible|straightaway|without delay|promptly} to {avoid|prevent|stay clear of|stay away from} {worsening|intensifying|aggravating|getting worse} of the {condition|problem|disorder}. |, if these side {effects|results|impacts} {persist {or|continue|linger} change|change {or|continue|linger} persist} {in|alter|transform} intensity {consult|alter|transform} your {doctor|continue|linger} right away {to|magnitude|strength} avoid worsening {of|physician|medical professional} the condition..} {Some time|Time|A long time} {{needs|requires|really needs} to|has to|should} pass {before|prior to} #file_links<>links/imp_files/19.08.15.txt",1,S] you {will|will certainly} {notice|discover|see|observe} {significant|considerable|substantial} {improvement|enhancement|renovation}. Sylvain Maréchal (15 de Agosto de 1750 — 18 de Janeiro de 1803) foi um ensaísta francês, poeta, filósofo e, como teórico político, um precursor do Anarquismo (seus projetos de sociedades foram ocasionalmente descritos como anarquistas utópicos). Maréchal foi também o editor do jornal Révolutions de Paris.

Primeiros anos[editar]

Nascido em Paris filho de um mercador de vinhos, ele estudou jurisprudência se tornando advogado na capital. Aos 20 anos publicou Bergeries, uma coleção de églogas, cuja venda foi bem sucedida o suficiente para lhe garantir emprego no Collège Mazirin como auxiliar na biblioteca.

Maréchal foi admirador de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, Claude Adrien Helvétius, e Denis Diderot, entre outros autores associados com as correntes de pensamento deísta e ateísta.

Visão[editar]

Cedo ele desenvolveu seu próprio projeto que tomava a forma uma comuna agrária onde todos os bens seriam compartilhados. Em "Fragmentos de um Poema Moral em Deus" (Fragments d'un poème moral sur Dieu), Maréchal buscou trocar os elementos da religião praticada por um culto a Virtude, Esperança e Razão. (veja Culto à Razão).

Suas críticas a ambas as religiões e ao absolutismo político - "Livro dos Salvos da Inundação" (Livre échappé du déluge) uma paródia da Bíblia) e seu ateísmo fizeram com que perdesse seu cargo no colégio; Maréchal foi forçado a viver fora de seu posto literário. Sentenciado a quatro meses na prisão por publicar o "Almanaque dos Notáveis" - no qual utilizava o formato de um almanaque ou dicionário, trocando as figuras usuáris do calendários dos santos pela de personagens famosos (como Blaise Pascal), anunciando o Calendário Republicano Francês. Deste momento até sua morte, ele publicaria anonimamente, para evitar futuros processos e condenações.

Revolução[editar]

Um apoiador entusiasta da Revolução Francesa, Maréchal também defendeu os pobres. Nunca se envolveu no conflito entre Girondinos e Jacobinos, ao invés disso se preocupou com os eventos revolucionários externos às assembléias, especialmente depois da Reação Termidouriana e o estabelecimento do Diretório Francês. O encontro entre ele e François-Noël Babeuf (Gracchus Babeuf) e mais tarde o seu envolvimento com a conspiração iria encontrar em Maréchal como uma de suas primeiras influências no socialismo utópico, como mostrado no manifesto que escreveu em apoio aos objetivos de Babeuf - "Manifesto dos Iguais" (Manifeste des Egaux) (cuja primeira edição data de 1796).

Seus trabalhos posteriores incluíriam um "Projeto de Lei Previnindo o Ensino de Habilidades de Leitura à Mulheres" (Projet de loi portant défense d'apprendre à lire aux femmes) uma evidência das limitações de seu Igualitarismo, bem como um "Dicionário dos Antigos e Modernos Ateus" (Dictionnaire des Athées anciens et modernes).

Obras[editar]

Período clássico (poesias)[editar]

• Bergeries (1770)
• Chansons anacréontiques (1770)
• Essais de poésies légères suivis d'un songe (1775)
• Fragments d'un poème moral sur Dieu (1780)

Período pré-revolucionário[editar]

• Dieu et les prêtres
• Fragments d'un poème philosophique (1781)
• L'Âge d'Or (1782)
• Livre échappé du déluge (1784)
• Almanach des Honnêtes Gens (1788)
• Apologues modernes, à l'usage d'un dauphin (1788)

Período revolucionário[editar]

• Dame Nature à la barre de l'Assemblée nationale (1791)
• Jugement dernier des rois (théâtre, 1793)
• Manifeste des Égaux (1801)
• Pensées libres sur les prêtres (1798)
• Le Lucrèce Français (1798)
• Culte et lois d'une société d'hommes sans Dieu (1798)
• Les Voyages de Pythagore (1799)
• Dictionnaire des Athées anciens et modernes (1800)
• Pour et contre la Bible (1801).

Referências[editar]

• Daniel MORNET. "Les origines intellectuelles de la Révolution Française". 1715–1787.
• Maurice DOMMANGENT. "Sylvain Maréchal : l’égalitaire, l’homme sans dieu". éditions Spartacus, 1950.

Ligações externas[editar]

• Biografia de Sylvain Maréchal Template:fr.

Template:Ver também[editar]

• Mary Wollstonecraft
• William Godwin
• Proudhon

Categoria:Filósofos da França Sylvain Marechal Categoria:Filósofos do Iluminismo Categoria:Precursores do Anarquismo Categoria:Anarquistas da França Categoria:Anarquistas da Revolução Francesa Categoria:Advogados da França Categoria:Poetas da França Categoria:Membros da Conspiração dos Iguais Categoria:Libertários