Difference between revisions of "Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores"

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A Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores (AIT), às vezes chamada de Primeira Internacional, foi uma organização que procurou unir vários grupos políticos de esquerda e sindicatos baseados na classe operária. A organização foi criada em 1864 em Genebra. Uma decisão importante naquele evento foi a adoção da jornada de trabalho de oito horas como um dos objetivos fundamentais da associação.

História

A Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores, esboçada em 1862, em Paris, e nascida formalmente em Londres, em setembro de 1864, tinha como objetivo a luta pelo o progresso e e pela emancipação humana. Com a Internacional, fundada por iniciativa dos poucos que naquela época compreendiam a verdadeira natureza da questão social e a necessidade de subtrair os trabalhadores à direção dos partidos burgueses, começou uma era nova. Os trabalhadores, que tinham sido sempre força bruta seguindo os outros, bem ou mal intencionados, surgiam como fator principal da história humana e, ao lutar pela própria emancipação, lutavam pelo progresso humano, pela fundação de uma civilização superior.

A organização foi fundada por coincidência: Napoleão III, numa tentativa de agradar a classe operária francesa, permitiu que 200 representantes eleitos por ela fossem a Londres participar da Grande exposição de 1861. Esses trabalhadores travaram contato então com sindicalistas ingleses que vieram recepcioná-los. No ano seguinte houve um novo encontro, desta vez para manifestar apoio à causa da independência da Polônia. Mas desta vez, o convite aos trabalhadores franceses mencionava as dificuldades pelas quais os sindicalistas ingleses passavam: a cada tentativa de greve, os patrões ameaçavam importar mão-de-obra. Isto não seria possível se os trabalhadores dos diversos países coordenassem seus movimentos sindicais. Os sindicalistas franceses responderam rapidamente, e o encontro contou também com representantes da Alemanha, Itália e Suíça. Nascia assim a Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores.

Originalmente, a organização continha, sindicalistas ingleses, proudhonistas franceses, republicanos italianos e marxistas alemães. Algum tempo depois, disputas entre [Marx] e Mikhail Bakunin, o anarquista mais proeminente na Internacional, além de Eliseu Reclus e muitos outros, levou a uma divisão entre marxistas (que pregavam uma fase de transição, o chamado socialismo, para se chegar ao objetivo da AIT) e anarquistas (que exigiam uma mudança drástica do sistema econômico vigente direto para o anarquismo), com os países latinos se alinhando aos anarquistas e os países anglo-germânicos se alinhando a Marx.

A Internacional desviou os operários dos partidos burgueses e deu-lhes consciência de classe, programa próprio, ação social própria; suscitou e discutiu todas as questões sociais e elaborou todo o socialismo moderno, que alguns escritores pretenderam ter saído de suas cabeças; fez tremer os potentados, despertou ardentes esperanças nos oprimidos, inspirou sacrifícios e heroísmos.

Na Internacional, fundada como federação das organizações de resistência, para dar mais largas bases às lutas econômicas contra o capitalismo, manifestaram-se, entretanto, bem depressa, duas tendências — a autoritária e a libertária — que dividiram os internacionalistas em duas facções adversárias. Uns queriam fazer da Associação um corpo disciplinado sob as ordens de um Comitê Central, e os outros queriam que fosse uma livre federação de organizações autônomas; uns queriam submeter as massas para fazer, segundo a estreita superstição autoritária, o seu bem à força, os outros queriam levantá-la e induzi-la a libertar-se por si mesma. O modo de organização, tornado centralista e autoritário por influência do Conselho Geral de Londres, dirigido pelos marxistas, conduziu, de fato, à cisão da Internacional em dois ramos. Essa divisão ficou definitivamente caracterizada no Congresso de Saint Imier, (Suíça), famoso na história da Primeira Internacional e do socialismo em geral, porque, com ele, projetou-se decisivamente, o movimento anarquista, com conteúdo próprio sob o ponto de vista político, econômico, ético e filosófico, e com métodos de ação inconfundíveis.

O acontecimento da Comuna de Paris em 1871 não contou com o apoio da AIT. Bakunin tentou uma insurreição em Marselha para dar apoio à Comuna, mas esta não deu certo. O próprio Friedrich Engels admitiu posteriormente que "a Internacional não levantou um dedo para fazer a Comuna". (obs: isso não é verdade, muitos dos franceses, como Eliseu Reclus por exemplo lutaram na comuna e foi em sua ausencia que Marx e seus súditos fizeram suas manobras que resultaram na divisão da internacional.)

Mas após a Comuna ter sido afogada em sangue, o seu exemplo serviu de bandeira para a Internacional. Marx defendeu que a Internacional deveria assumir a herança da Comuna e levar seu projeto adiante. Isto assustou os governos europeus, que temiam que as idéias da Comuna se espalhassem, provocando novos levantamentos. Assim, os congressos da AIT tiveram que se tornar secretos.

Diante destes acontecimentos, o comparecimento às conferências se reduziu significativamente. Marx continuou a atacar Bakunin; os ingleses, assustados com a violência associada à Comuna, formaram uma federação autônoma; os blanquistas franceses renunciaram; Bakunin foi expulso. Com a organização neste estado, Marx aprovou a transferência de sua sede para Nova Iorque, onde não havia nenhum movimento operário importante, e era longe da Europa. Quatro anos mais tarde, na conferência de 1876 na Filadélfia, a Primeira Internacional foi dissolvida. Tentativas de recriá-la se mostraram infrutíferas pelos cinco anos seguintes. Template:Comunismo Em 1889 foi criada a Segunda Internacional, de cunho marxista.

Refundação

Entretanto, as organizações bakuninistas, constituídas pelas federações operárias do Jura suíço, da Itália e da Espanha continuaram em contato. Estes grupos refundaram a AIT em 1922^[1], num congresso realizado em Berlim.

Referências

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1. ↑ Artigo da en.wiki International Workers Association

Template:Ver também

• Anarquismo
• Bakunin
• Revolução
• História do comunismo
• Segunda Internacional ou Internacional Socialista
• Terceira Internacional (Comintern)
• Quarta Internacional ou Internacionais Trotskistas
• A Internacional
• Internacional Negra

Template:Ligações externas

• Site da Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores, em inglês
• Site da Associação Internacional dos Trabalhadores, em espanhol

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